Cognitivism is associated with which concepts?

• A. Chunking and schema
• B. Conditioning and reinforcement
• C. Self-actualization
• D. Observational learning

Answer: (A)

Cognitivism focuses on how information is processed, stored, and retrieved in the mind. Chunking and schema illustrate this by showing how we organize data into meaningful units and into mental frameworks that guide interpretation and memory. Chunking increases working-memory efficiency by reducing cognitive load, while schemas provide a scaffold that shapes how new information is encoded and recalled. The other concepts belong to different learning theories: conditioning and reinforcement come from behaviorism; self-actualization comes from humanistic psychology; observational learning is tied to social learning theory and emphasizes learning by watching others, which involves cognitive processes but is categorized differently. So, chunking and schema are the concepts most directly associated with cognitivism.